Where is gonadotropin releasing hormone produced

Human body. Home Hormones Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone is released from nerve cells in the brain. It controls the production of luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland.

Alternative names for gonadotrophin-releasing hormone GnRH; gonadotropin-releasing hormone; luliberin; luteinising-hormone-releasing hormone; LHRH; luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone What is gonadotrophin-releasing hormone?

How is gonadotrophin-releasing hormone controlled? What happens if I have too much gonadotrophin-releasing hormone? What happens if I have too little gonadotrophin-releasing hormone? Last reviewed: Feb Prev. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide. Growth hormone. Related Glands. Clearly, a great deal is yet to be learned about cyclic nucleotide signaling in gonadotropes and how the signaling network integrates inputs via PLC, AC and GC.

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Endocr Rev 26 — The biology of gonadotroph regulation. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 16 —7. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors. Endocr Rev 25 — Molecular mechanisms of ligand interaction with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor.

Endocr Rev 18 — CrossRef Full Text. Novel aspects of GnRH-induced intracellular signaling and secretion in pituitary gonadotrophs. J Neuroendocrinol 7 — Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor system: modulatory role in aging and neurodegeneration. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone deficiency in a mutant mouse with hypogonadism. Nature — A deletion truncating the gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene is responsible for hypogonadism in the hpg mouse.

Science — A family with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and mutations in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor. N Engl J Med — Gonadotropin-releasing hormone genes: phylogeny, structure, and functions. Front Neuroendocrinol 20 — Gonadotropin-releasing hormone II: a multi-purpose neuropeptide. Integr Comp Biol 48 — Three gonadotropin-releasing hormone genes in one organism suggest novel roles for an ancient peptide. Multiple gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH -immunoreactive systems in the brain of the dwarf gourami, Colisa lalia : immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay.

J Comp Neurol — Three forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in a perciform fish Sparus aurata : complementary deoxyribonucleic acid characterization and brain localization. Biol Reprod 55 — Quantitative in situ hybridization of three gonadotropin-releasing hormone-encoding mRNAs in castrated and progesterone-treated male tilapia. Gen Comp Endocrinol — A novel form of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the medaka, Oryzias latipes.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun — Three GnRH systems in the brain and pituitary of a pleuronectiform fish, the barfin flounder Verasper moseri.

Cell Tissue Res —9. Cloning and localization of three forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, including the novel whitefish form, in a salmonid, Coregonus clupeaformis. Biol Reprod 70 — Chromosomal organization, evolutionary relationship, and expression of zebrafish GnRH family members. J Biomed Sci 12 — Cell Tissue Res — Localization of the three GnRH types and GnRH receptors in the brain of a cichlid fish: insights into their neuroendocrine and neuromodulator functions.

Molecular cloning and differential expression of three GnRH mRNAs in discrete brain areas and lymphocytes in red drum. J Endocrinol — Morgan K, Millar RP. Gen Comp Endocrinol —7. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its analogs. Annu Rev Med 45 — Identification of inhibitory and stimulatory control of prolactin secretion in the rhesus monkey. Neuroendocrinology 27 —8. Decoding GnRH neurohormone pulse frequency by convergent signalling modules. J R Soc Interface 9 — Schally AV.

LH-RH analogues: I. Their impact on reproductive medicine. Gynecol Endocrinol 13 —9. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors: structure and signal transduction pathways. Endocr Rev 15 — Structure of the GnRH receptor-stimulated signaling network: insights from genomics. Front Neuroendocrinol 24 — Gonadotropin-releasing hormone regulation of gonadotropin biosynthesis and secretion. The Physiology of Reproduction.

San Diego, CA: Elsevier Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: GnRH receptor signaling in extrapituitary tissues. FEBS J — Endocrinology — Gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH -binding sites in human breast cancer cell lines and inhibitory effects of GnRH antagonists. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64 — LHRH analogues as anticancer agents: pituitary and extrapituitary sites of action.

Expert Opin Investig Drugs 10 — Signaling and antiproliferative effects of type I and II gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors in breast cancer cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 — Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor levels and cell context affect tumor cell responses to agonist in vitro and in vivo.

Cancer Res 68 — Type I gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor mediates the antiproliferative effects of GnRH-II on prostate cancer cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94 —7. Targeted chemotherapy for triple-negative breast cancers via LHRH receptor.

Oncol Rep 25 —7. GnRH receptors in cancer: from cell biology to novel targeted therapeutic strategies. Endocr Rev 33 5 — Intracellular signaling pathways mediated by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH receptor.

Arch Med Res 32 — The pituitary effects of GnRH. Anim Reprod Sci 88 — The molecular mechanism of action of gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH in the pituitary. Recent Prog Horm Res 43 — McArdle CA. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor signaling: biased and unbiased. Mini Rev Med Chem 12 — Intracellular responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone in a clonal cell line of the gonadotrope lineage. Mol Endocrinol 5 — Does protein kinase C mediate gonadotropin-releasing hormone action? J Biol Chem — Pubmed Abstract Pubmed Full Text.

Signalling, cycling and desensitisation of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone receptors. J Endocrinol :1— Pituitary gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH receptor: structure, distribution and regulation of expression. FEBS Lett — Classical and new roles of beta-arrestins in the regulation of G-protein-coupled receptors.

Nat Rev Neurosci 2 — Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors with intracellular carboxyl-terminal tails undergo acute desensitization of total inositol phosphate production and exhibit accelerated internalization kinetics. J Biol Chem —7. Differences in structure-function relations between nonmammalian and mammalian GnRH receptors: what we have learnt from the African catfish GnRH receptor.

Prog Brain Res — Absence of rapid desensitization of the mouse gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor. Biochem J Pt 2 — Agonist-induced internalization and downregulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors. Desensitization and internalization of human and Xenopus gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors expressed in alphaT4 pituitary cells using recombinant adenovirus.

Differential internalization of mammalian and non-mammalian gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors. Uncoupling of dynamin-dependent internalization from mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling.

Evidence for a role of pituitary ATP receptors in the regulation of pituitary function. The tail of the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone receptor: desensitization at, and distal to, G protein-coupled receptors.

Mol Cell Endocrinol — Agonist-induced endocytosis and recycling of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor: effect of beta-arrestin on internalization kinetics.

Mol Endocrinol 12 — Contrasting internalization kinetics of human and chicken gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors mediated by C-terminal tail. J Endocrinol :R9— Mammalian type I gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors undergo slow, constitutive, agonist-independent internalization. Casein kinase II sites in the intracellular C-terminal domain of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor and chimeric gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors contribute to beta-arrestin-dependent internalization.

The rat gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor internalizes via a beta-arrestin-independent, but dynamin-dependent, pathway: addition of a carboxyl-terminal tail confers beta-arrestin dependency.

J Mol Endocrinol 35 — Differential desensitization and internalization of three different bullfrog gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors. Mol Cells 14 —7. Serine residues and in the carboxyl-terminal tail of the type II gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor are critical for beta-arrestin-independent internalization. Endocrinology —8. Seven-transmembrane receptor signalling and ERK compartmentalization. Trends Endocrinol Metab 17 — The role of beta-arrestins in the termination and transduction of G-protein-coupled receptor signals.

J Cell Sci — Diversity in arrestin function. Cell Mol Life Sci 66 — Activation and targeting of extracellular signal-regulated kinases by beta-arrestin scaffolds. Multifaceted roles of beta-arrestins in the regulation of seven-membrane-spanning receptor trafficking and signalling.

Biochem J — Arrestin-mediated ERK activation by gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors: receptor-specific activation mechanisms and compartmentalization. Cholera toxin and pertussis toxin provoke differential effects on luteinizing hormone release, inositol phosphate production, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH receptor binding in the gonadotrope: evidence for multiple guanyl nucleotide binding proteins in GnRH action.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor couples to multiple G proteins in rat gonadotrophs and in GGH3 cells: evidence from palmitoylation and overexpression of G proteins.

Biol Reprod 59 — Antiproliferative signaling of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in human endometrial and ovarian cancer cells through G protein alpha I -mediated activation of phosphotyrosine phosphatase. Naor Z.

Front Neuroendocrinol 30 — Interactions between calcium and protein kinase C in the control of signaling and secretion in pituitary gonadotrophs. Spontaneous and agonist-induced calcium oscillations in pituitary gonadotrophs. A potential code of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-induced calcium ion responses in the regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion among individual gonadotropes.

Relative roles of calcium derived from intra- and extracellular sources in dynamic luteinizing hormone release from perifused pituitary cells. Mol Endocrinol 1 — Control of calcium spiking frequency in pituitary gonadotrophs by a single-pool cytoplasmic oscillator. Mol Pharmacol 45 — Divergent signaling pathways requiring discrete calcium signals mediate concurrent activation of two mitogen-activated protein kinases by gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

J Biol Chem —9. A role for mitogen-activated protein kinase in mediating activation of the glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit promoter by gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Mol Cell Biol 15 —9. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Src, but not Jun N-terminal kinase, are involved in basal and gonadotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated activity of the glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit promoter. Differential gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation of rat luteinizing hormone subunit gene transcription by calcium influx and mitogen-activated protein kinase-signaling pathways.

Mol Endocrinol 12 —7. Biol Reprod 67 — Mol Endocrinol 16 — Biol Reprod 61 — Gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency-dependent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways in perifused LbetaT2 cells. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Jun N-terminal kinase, p38, and c-Src are involved in gonadotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated activity of the glycoprotein hormone follicle-stimulating hormone beta-subunit promoter.

Transcriptional activation of the ovine follicle-stimulating hormone-beta gene by gonadotropin-releasing hormone involves multiple signal transduction pathways. Endocrinology —9. Cancer Grand Challenges. Research Program Contacts.

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